英语学术论文写作表达模板(二)引用

Referring to Sources

本期给大家介绍如何写引用部分（Referring to Sources）。

学术写作的显著特征之一是它以已知的知识，以前已经完成的工作或已经开发的思想和模型为基础。因此，在学术著作中，作者经常参考其他研究和其他作者的作品。重要的是，作者要引导读者阅读这些作品。

关于文献综述的说明：论文或论文的文献综述部分的目的是通过系统的方式向读者展示关于整个研究主题的已知知识，并概述关键思想和帮助我们理解这一点的理论。审查不仅要系统，还应评价和批评与当前工作有关的研究或想法。例如，你可能会认为某个特定的研究没有调研你们正在研究领域的一些重要方面，作者未能注意到他们研究方法上的弱点，或者说他们的结论没有得到很好的支持。

关于引用风格的说明：作者引用其他资源的方式因不同学科而有所不同。在某些情况下，如果个别作者很重要，则作者的姓名将成为句子的主要主题；在其他情况下，只能在方括号（…）中或通过数字符号系统（例如脚注和尾注）提及作者的姓名。“作者作为主体”的风格在经验学科（科学）中不那么普遍，而在人文学科中则更为普遍。不同的学科使用了不同的参照系统。

关于动词时态的说明：为了全面地参考文献，倾向于使用现在完成时态。为了参考过去进行的特定研究，最常用的是过去式。通常是过去某个特定日期或时间点构成句子一部分的情况。当指代作家的话语或观念时，如果这些观念仍然有意义，即使作者不再在世，也经常使用现在时。下面给出的示例反映了这些一般模式，但不意味着要严格如此。

例句示范

General comments on the relevant literature - close

• The literature on X has highlighted several …
  

• Different theories exist in the literature regarding …
  

• More recent attention has focused on the provision of …
  

• There are relatively few historical studies in the area of …
  

• A large and growing body of literature has investigated …
  

• Much of the literature since the mid-1990s emphasises the …
  

• Much of the current literature on X pays particular attention to …
  

Previous research: a historical perpective - close

• Research into X has a long history.
  

• For many years, this phenomenon was surprisingly neglected by …
  

• Only in the past ten years have studies of X directly addressed how …
  

• Prior to the work of Smith (1983), the role of X was largely unknown.
  

• Over the past decade, most research in X has emphasized the use of …
  

• In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on …
  

Previous research: methodological approaches taken - close

• Most research on X has been carried out in …
  

• Several systematic reviews of X have been undertaken.
  

• Much of the previous research on X has been exploratory in nature.
  

• Much of the X research has focused on identifying and evaluating the …
  

• What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …
  

• Publications that concentrate on X more frequently adopt a historical or chronological approach …

Previous research: area investigated

• To date, several studies have investigated …
  

• A number of studies have begun to examine …
  

• Various studies have assessed the efficacy of …
  

• Researchers attempted to evaluate the impact of …
  

• A great deal of previous research into X has focused on …
  

• Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between 

Previous research: what has been established or proposed

• Several lines of evidence suggest that …
  

• Previous research has established that …
  

• Data from several studies suggest that …
  

• It is now well established from a variety of studies that …
  

• A number of studies have postulated a convergence between …
  

• Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that …
  

Stating what is currently known about the topic - close

• X, Y and Z appear to be closely linked (Smith, 2008).
  

• X appears to be positively related to both Y and Z (Smith, 2007)
  

• X is a principal determining factor of Y (Smith, 2005; Jones, 2013).
  

• X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).
  

• There is an unambiguous relationship between X and Y (Rao, 1998).
  

• X is significantly reduced during the first months of … (Smith, 2000; Jones, 2006).
  

• A relationship exists between an individual’s working memory and their ability to … (Jones, 2002).

Reference to a previous investigation: researcher prominent

Smith (1999)

• showed   that reducing X to 190oC decreased … (see Figure 2).
  

• demonstrated that when the maximum temperature is exceeded …
  

• found that as levels of literacy and education of the population rise … 

Jones et al. (2001)

• compared   the rate of …
  

• labelled these subsets as …

• measured both components of the …
  

• interviewed 250 undergraduate students using semi-structured …
  

• performed a similar series of experiments in the 1960s to show that …
  

• reviewed the literature from the period and found little evidence for this …
  

• conducted a series of trials in which he mixed X with different quantities of   …
  

• investigated the differential impact of formal and non-formal education on …

Reference to a previous investigation: time prominent

• In 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described …
  

• In 1984, Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as …
  

• In 1981, Smith and co-workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to …
  

• In 1990, Patel et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to …
  

• In 1990, Al-Masry et al. reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to obtain …

• Thirty years later, Smith (1974) reported three cases of X which …
  

• In the 1950s, Gunnar Myrdal pointed to some of the ways in which …
  

• Following World War 1, Fleming actively searched for anti-bacterial agents.
  

• Almost 20 years ago, Jones (1985) formulated his X theory, centred around …

Reference to a previous investigation: investigation prominent

• One longitudinal study found that …
  

• A seminal study in this area is the work of …
  

• One study by Smith (2014) examined the trend in …
  

• A recent study by Smith and Jones (2012) involved …
  

• A qualitative study by Smith (2003) described how …
  

• A recent systematic literature review concluded that …
  

• Preliminary work on X was undertaken by Jones (1992).
  

• A longitudinal study of X by Smith (2012) reports that …
  

Reference to a previous investigation: topic prominent

• To determine the effects of X, Jones et al. (2005) compared …
  

• X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from … (Jones et al., 1952).
  

• The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Jones in 1970.
  

• X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found …
  

• To better understand the mechanisms of X and its effects, Jones (2013) analysed the …
  

• X was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study …
  

Reference to what other writers do in their text

• In Chapter 2, Smith provides us with a number of important …

• In the subsequent chapter, Smith examines the extent to which …
  

• By drawing on the concept of X, Smith has been able to show that …

• Smith (2012) identifies five characteristics of …

Reference to another writer's idea or position

• According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore …
  

• As noted by Smith (2003) X is far more cost effective, and therefore …

• Smith (2013)

  argues that...

  claims that...

  suggests that...

  maintains that...

  concludes that...

  points out that...

Synthesising material: bringing sources together

• Similarly, Nicoladis (2006) found that X …
  

• In the same vein, Smith (1994) in his book XYZ notes …
  

• This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes that …

• Unlike Smith, Jones (2013) argues that …
  

• In contrast to Smith, Jones (2013) argues that …
  

• A broader perspective has been adopted by Smith (2013) who argues that …
  

• Conversely, Wang (2010) reported no significant difference in mortality between X and Y.

Some ways of introducing quotations

• Commenting on X, Smith (2003) argues: ‘… …’
  

• As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: ‘there are many good reasons to be sceptical’.
  

• As Smith argues: ‘In the past, the purpose of education was to …’ 
  

• Sachs concludes: ‘The idea of development stands today like a ruin in …’

• As Smith (2013: 320)

  notes: ‘… … … … … ‘

  argues ‘ … … … … …

  ‘writes: ‘ … … … … … ‘

  observes: ‘ … … … … … ‘

  points out: ‘ … … … … …

  reminds us: ‘ … … … … … ‘

Summarising the review or parts of the review

• Together, these studies indicate that …
  

• Overall, these studies highlight the need for …
  

• Considering all of this evidence, it seems that …
  

• Collectively, these studies outline a critical role for…
  

• In all the studies reviewed here, X is recognised as …
  

• Overall, there seems to be some evidence to indicate that …
  

• Together these studies provide important insights into the …