论文快递:第九十六期

Adam Millard-Ball（加州大学洛杉矶分校）

以及其他三位共同作者

首次出版时间：2021/3/14｜研究论文

Abstract

Credibly identifying how the built environment shapes behaviour is empirically challenging, because people select residential locations based on differing constraints and preferences for site amenities. Our study overcomes these research barriers by leveraging San Francisco’s affordable housing lotteries, which randomly allow specific households to move to specific residences. Using administrative data, we demonstrate that lottery-winning households’ baseline preferences are uncorrelated with their allotted residential features such as public transportation accessibility, parking availability and bicycle infrastructure – meaning that neighbourhood attributes and a building’s parking supply are effectively assigned at random. Surveying the households, we find that these attributes significantly affect transportation mode choices. Most notably, we show that essentially random variation in on-site parking availability greatly changes households’ car ownership decisions and driving frequency, with substitution away from public transport. In contrast, we find that parking availability does not affect employment or job mobility. Overall, the evidence from our study robustly supports that local features of the built environment are important determinants of transportation behaviour.

摘要

可信地识别建筑环境如何塑造行为在实证上具有挑战性，因为人们根据不同的限制和对地点便利设施的偏好来选择住宅位置。我们的研究利用旧金山经济适用房彩票克服了这些研究障碍，这种彩票随机允许特定的家庭搬到特定的住宅。我们利用行政数据，证明了彩票中奖家庭的基线偏好与其分配的住宅特征（如公共交通可达性、停车位可用性和自行车基础设施）不相关。这意味着街区属性和建筑停车位供应是随机有效分配的。通过对家庭的调查，我们发现这些属性显著影响交通方式的选择。最值得注意的是，我们证明，地点车位可用性的、基本上随机的变化极大地改变了家庭（作为公共交通的替代）的汽车保有决策和驾驶频率。相比之下，我们发现停车位可用性并不影响就业或工作流动性。总的来说，我们的研究证据有力地支持了这样的观点：建筑环境的局部特征是交通行为模式的重要决定因素。

Keywords 

affordable housing, car ownership, public transportation

关键词

经济适用房, 汽车保有, 公共交通

原文地址

https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021995139

Minjee Kim（美国佛罗里达州立大学）

首次出版时间：2021/3/14｜研究论文

Abstract

Fiscal incentives are frequently used to stimulate property development in distressed communities but the efficacy and impacts of this approach have been contested. In this study, a theory of real estate production was utilised to evaluate the Opportunity Zones (OZ) policy in the USA. Qualitative data collected from interviews and fieldwork are analysed to understand how the property development scene of a predominantly African-American neighbourhood had been affected by the OZ designation. Interviewees, including black local developers, represented diverse types and scales of real estate production. It was found that new investment capital was flowing into Bronzeville but not into projects proposed by small, local developers and community organisations. This was largely for two reasons: first, the less experienced and resource-constrained players had insufficient resources and expertise to connect with the OZ-induced investors. Second, when they were connected, their projects were deemed highly risky and thus unattractive. The perception of risk was likely amplified in Bronzeville, a historically marginalised black neighbourhood. For tax-based urban revitalisation policies to increase marginalised communities’ access to capital, appropriate public interventions must be accompanied to level out the playing field for the under-resourced and historically marginalised players of real estate production. One such intervention might be to create and support a network of financial intermediaries that specialise in connecting capital to projects proposed by black developers, other non-profit developers and community organisations. Without such measures, policies such as OZ are likely to exacerbate existing inequalities rather than uplifting disadvantaged communities.

摘要 

财政激励经常被用来刺激贫困社区的房地产开发，但这种方法的有效性和影响一直存在争议。在本项研究中，房地产生产理论被用来评估美国的机会区 (OZ) 政策。我们分析通过访谈和实地调查收集的定性数据，以了解OZ指定对一个以非裔美国人为主的社区的房地产开发的影响。受访者，包括当地黑人开发商，代表了不同类型和规模的房地产生产者。我们发现，新的投资资本正在流入布朗斯维尔，但没有流入当地小型开发商和社区机构提议的项目。这主要是因为两个原因：第一，缺乏经验和资源有限的开发商没有足够的资源和专业知识与受OZ诱导的投资者联系。其次，即使联系了投资者，他们的项目也会被投资者认为是高风险、缺乏吸引力的项目。由于布朗斯维尔是一个历史上被边缘化的黑人社区，这种风险意识可能会被放大。针对以税收为基础的、旨在增加边缘化社区获得资本的机会的城市改造政策，必须有适当的配套公共干预，为资源不足和历史上被边缘化的房地产生产参与者创造公平的竞争环境。其中一种可能的干预是创建和支持一个金融中介网络，专门负责将资本与黑人开发商、其他非营利开发商和社区组织提议的项目联系起来。如果没有这些措施，OZ之类的政策可能会加剧现有的不平等，而不是提高弱势群体的地位。

Keywords 

enterprise zones, place-based initiatives, real estate, tax incentives, urban revitalisation

关键词 

企业园区, 基于地方的倡议, 房地产, 税收激励, 城市改造

原文地址 

https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021995148

Valesca Lima（爱尔兰梅努斯大学）

首次出版时间：2021/3/19 | 研究论文 

Abstract

Amidst a protracted housing crisis that has affected major cities in Europe and beyond, vibrant social movements for housing justice are trying to challenge the notion that housing is a commodity, with transformative demands framing housing as a fundamental human right. This paper explores the ways housing movements in Dublin use direct and confrontational approaches as political action. Previous literature has examined the emergence of new housing movements as a direct consequence of the economic and social challenges that arose as a result of the economic downturn and neoliberal austerity policies. However, there is, as yet, little that addresses the ways autonomous housing groups engage in non-violent direct action and the challenges they face in trying not just to promote a radical change of policy but also in carrying out practical prefigurative action. As such, the findings in this study provide insights into how emerging direct-action-oriented housing groups fight for housing justice.

摘要 

在一场影响欧洲及世界其他地方大城市的长期住房危机中，活跃的住房正义社会运动正试图挑战“住房是一种商品”的概念，变革要求将住房视为一项基本人权。本文探讨了都柏林的住房运动如何使用直接和对抗性的方法作为政治行动。以前的文献研究了新住房运动的出现，认为这是经济衰退和新自由主义紧缩政策带来的经济和社会挑战的直接后果。然而，到目前为止，关于自治住房团体参与非暴力直接行动的方式以及它们面临的挑战（它们不仅努力促进政策的彻底改变，而且开展实际的预先行动）方面，几乎没有什么论述。因此，本研究的结论为新兴的、以直接行动为导向的住房组织如何争取住房正义提供了见解。

Keywords 

housing, politics, social justice

关键词 

住房, 政治, 社会正义

原文地址 

https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021995128

Mariana Fix（巴西圣保罗大学）

Pedro Fiori Arantes（巴西圣保罗联邦大学）

首次出版时间：2021/3/23｜研究论文

Abstract

This essay discusses some key ideas and debates about urban studies in Brazil, considered historiographically, from the mid-1900s to the present. It presents the main components and particularities of what emerges as the Brazilian matrix of urban studies, interrogating the most influential work in the field with the country’s own experiences of industrialisation and urbanisation. It discusses some key urban debates of the 21st century, namely new planning models associated with globalisation, global mega-events, public–private partnerships, inner-city gentrification, housing and city financialisation, rising forms of urban warfare and social control in slums (favelas), and new activisms and urban insurgencies. Through this analysis, we point to contradictions and tensions in relation to European and North American urban theory, calling for the need to formulate new categories and hypotheses to better understand the unequal and extreme processes resulting from violent expansion of capitalist relations over the entire planet, and comment on the new practices and forms of social mobilisation emerging from turbulent contexts.

摘要

本文从历史学的角度探讨从20世纪中期到现在巴西城市研究的一些关键观点和争论。我们展现了巴西城市研究领域的主要组成部分和特殊性，用巴西自身的工业化和城市化经验来探究该领域最具影响力的工作。我们探讨了21世纪的一些关键城市辩论，即与全球化相关的新规划模式、全球大型活动、公私伙伴关系、市中心绅士化、住房和城市金融化、贫民窟 (favelas) 城市战争和社会控制的新形式、以及新的激进主义和城市骚乱。通过这一分析，我们指出了相对欧洲和北美城市理论而言的矛盾和张力，呼吁制定新的类别和假设，以更好地理解资本主义关系在全球暴力扩张所导致的不平等和极端过程，并对动荡背景下出现的新的社会动员实践和形式进行评论。

Keywords

Brazil, favelas, Global South, Latin America, slums, spatial theory, urban studies

关键词

巴西, 贫民窟 (favelas), 全球南方, 拉丁美洲, 贫民窟, 空间理论, 城市研究

原文地址

https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021993360

Charles R. Collins（美国华盛顿大学）

Forrest Stuart（美国斯坦福大学）

Patrick Janulis（美国西北大学）

首次出版时间：2021/3/25｜研究论文

Abstract

Urban scholars increasingly contend that local police departments play a central role in facilitating neighbourhood change. Recent critics warn that ‘order maintenance’ policing and other low-level law enforcement tactics are deployed in gentrifying areas to displace ‘disorderly’ populations. Despite influential qualitative case studies, there remains scant quantitative research testing this relationship, and few studies that evaluate the link between policing, displacement and gentrification. We address this lacuna, drawing on new citation data from the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and employing a measure of neighbourhood change that focuses on the displacement of low-income residents. Examining policing patterns in 978 US Census tracts in Los Angeles over four years, our analysis reveals that tracts experiencing gentrification – defined as the simultaneous increase in non-poor residents and decrease in the number of people in poverty – experience a greater number of citations compared with other tract types. Similar patterns emerge in our analysis of citations that explicitly target homelessness and extreme poverty. In post-hoc analyses, we found that Census tracts characterised by a decrease in the number of people in poverty experienced greater numbers of total police citations and of citations targeting homeless individuals, compared with other tract types. These findings carry important theoretical implications for understanding the divergent manifestations of, and potential mechanisms driving, order maintenance policing. Methodologically, we contend that police citations provide a more precise measure of order maintenance policing compared with previous studies, and that classifying neighbourhoods in terms of relative displacement of residents in poverty provides much-needed interpretive clarity.

摘要

Keywords

crime, displacement, exclusion, gentrification, neighbourhood, neoliberal urbanism, policing, poverty, redevelopment, regeneration, social order

关键词

犯罪, 驱逐, 排斥, 绅士化, 街区, 新自由主义城市化, 警务, 贫困, 再开发, 再生, 社会秩序

原文地址

https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021993354