[英语]详细!印度禁止小麦出口为何在全球引起轩然大波

Why Did India Decide to Ban Its Wheat Exports? 为什么印度决定禁止小麦出口？

New Delhi:India has banned wheat exports, sending bushel（蒲式耳） prices to record highs（创纪录的高水平）and drawing criticism from the Group of Seven worried about protectionism（贸易保护主义）as inflation soars（猛增，骤升） in the wake of（作为…的后果；随…之后而来） the Ukraine war.

新德里：印度禁止小麦出口。蒲式耳价格创下历史新高。印度因此受到了七国集团的批评。七国集团担心乌克兰战争导致的通胀飙升会引发贸易保护主义。

 

蒲式耳是一个计量单位，（英文：bushel 表示符号：bushel(UK)bu(US)通用代码：BUI(UK)BUA(US).它是一种定量单位，好像我国旧时的斗、升等计量单位。

What Did India Announce? 印度宣布了什么？

The world's second-largest producer of wheat said that traders could only enter into new export deals with express（明确的；明白表示的；特别指出的） government approval.

印度是世界第二大小麦生产国。印度目前规定贸易商只有在政府明确批准的情况下才能签订新的出口协议。

 

Still permitted are requests approved by New Delhi from other governments reeling from（发懵，感到眩晕）record-high prices "to meet their food security needs", according to an order dated May 13.

一些国家被小麦的历史新高价格吓住了。不过根据 5 月 13 日的命令，新德里为了“满足其他国家粮食安全需求”而批准的请求仍然有效。

Reel：

If you reel, or your mind or brain reels, you feel very confused or shocked and unable to act. 发蒙；感到眩晕

We were reeling (in amazement/shock/delight, etc.) from/with the news that we had won all that money.

得知赢了那么多钱，我们都（惊愕得／震惊得／高兴得）发蒙了。

What Was The Policy Before?  禁令之前的政策是什么样的？

India previously said it was ready to help fill some of the supply shortages caused by the February invasion of Ukraine, which had accounted for（（在数量上）占）12 percent of global exports.

印度此前曾表示已准备好帮助填补因乌克兰战争造成的部分供应短缺。乌克兰小麦出口占全球的12%。

It planned to increase exports this financial year to 10 million tonnes from seven million tonnes.

印度方面本来计划本财年将出口量从700万吨增加到1000万吨。

 

"Our farmers have ensured that not just India but the whole world is taken care of， " Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal had said in April.

商业和工业部长Piyush Goyal 曾在 4 月份说：“我们的农民会不仅会确保印度而且会确保全世界的小麦供应正常。”

 

Only last week India said it would send delegations（代表团）to Egypt, Turkey and elsewhere to discuss boosting（改善；提高；增强；推动）wheat exports. It was unclear whether these visits will now go ahead.

就在上周，印度表示将派代表团前往埃及、土耳其和其他地区讨论增加小麦出口的问题。尚不清楚这些访问是否会成行。

 

Why Did India Do This? 为什么印度要这么做？

India Wheat Export Ban: The reasons given were runaway（失控的，逃跑的）inflation and food security（food safety, 粮食安全） in the nation of 1.4 billion people.

印度禁止小麦出口给出的原因是这个拥有14 亿人口的国家的通货膨胀和粮食安全失控。

 

Some parts of India, Commerce Secretary BVR Subrahmanyam said on Sunday, have seen prices in wheat and flour jump 20 to 40 percent in recent weeks.

周日，商务部长 BVRSubrahmanyam 表示，印度部分地区的小麦和面粉价格在最近几周跳涨了 20% 至 40%。

 

Because of the sharp（突然的；急剧的；猛烈的）rise in global prices, some farmers were selling to traders and not to the government.

由于全球价格急剧上涨，一些农民把小麦直接卖给贸易商而不是政府。

 

This got the government worried about its buffer stock of almost 20 million tonnes – depleted（消耗；耗费（资源、金钱、精力等）by the pandemic -- needed for handouts（施舍物；救济款）to millions of poor families and to avert（防止，避免）any possible famine.

这使得政府担心自己的小麦缓冲存货。疫情期间，2000万吨小麦缓冲存货因被用于救济困难家庭和防止饥荒而耗尽。

缓冲存货

就是由该商品协定的执行机构按最高限价和最低限价的规定，运用其成员国提供的实物和资金，干预市场和稳定价格。

其办法是在最高限价和最低限价之间划成三挡，即高档、中挡、低档。当市场价格涨到高档时，抛售缓冲存货的实物以维持价格在最高限价之下；在中档时，不动用缓冲存货；在低档时，利用缓冲存货的现金在市场上收购，把价格保持在最低限价以上。

Avert & Prevent：

to prevent something bad from happening 防止，避免 

avert acrisis/conflict/strike/famine

避免危机／冲突／罢工／饥荒

to avertdisaster/economic collapse

防止灾难／经济崩溃

"We don't want wheat to go in an unregulated manner where (wheat) may either get hoarded（贮藏，囤积）and is not used for the purpose which we are hoping it will be used for -- which is serving the food requirements of vulnerable nations and vulnerable people," Subrahmanyam said.

Subrahmanyam说：“我们不希望小麦以不受管控的方式被囤积或者用于其他目的。小麦应该用于解决困难国家和人民的粮食需求。”

 

What About The Heatwave? 印度的高温天气有何影响？

India recorded its warmest March on record -- blamed on climate change -- and in recent weeks has seen a scorching（veryhot 灼热的（地）；极热的（地））heatwave with temperatures upwards of 45 degrees Celsius (113Fahrenheit).

今年三月是印度有记录以来最温暖的三月。由于气候变化，最近几周出现了高达 45 摄氏度（113 华氏度）的高温。

 

This hit farmers in wheat-producing northern India, prompting the government to predict output would fall at least five percent this year from 109 million tonnes in 2021.

热浪袭击了印度北部的小麦种植者，促使政府预测今年小麦产量将从2021年的1.09亿吨下降至少5%。

 

What Was The Reaction? 世界作何反应？

G7 agriculture ministers meeting in Germany said that such measures "would worsen the crisis" of rising commodity（商品，货物）prices.

在德国举行的 G7 农业部长会议表示，此类措施“将加剧大宗商品价格上涨的危机”。

 

"If everyone starts to impose（推行；强制实行）export restrictions or to close markets, that would worsen the crisis," German Agriculture Minister Cem Ozdemir said.

德国农业部长 CemOzdemir 说：“如果每个国家都推行出口限制或关闭市场，那将加剧粮食危机。”

 

Wheat prices surged to a new record high on Monday, jumping to 435 euros ($453) per tonne as the European market opened.

周一欧洲市场开市，小麦价格创新高，涨至435€/T。

 

Is India A Big Wheat Exporter? 印度是小麦出口大国吗？

India is a marginal（微量的，少量的，边缘的）player globally and produces mostly for domestic consumption, and almost half its exports last year went to Bangladesh.

印度在全球范围内处于边缘地位，其小麦生产主要用于国内消费，去年其出口的近一半小麦都流向了孟加拉国。

 

India's previously predicted exports of 10 million tonnes compares with a 53 million tonnes of wheat and meslin (a mixture of wheat and rye) exported by Russia and Ukraine in 2021, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

根据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO) 的数据，印度先前预测的出口量为 1000 万吨，而俄罗斯和乌克兰在2021 年出口的小麦和麦斯林（小麦和黑麦的混合物）为 5300 万吨。

 

Its exports have been limited over quality concerns and World Trade Organisation rules about grain purchased by the state.

由于质量问题和世界贸易组织关于国家购买谷物的规定，其出口受到限制。

 Why Then Did It Have Such A Big Effect? 为什么会产生如此大  的影响？

Global commodity prices have soared on supply fears following the conflict in Ukraine, raising fears of famine and social unrest（动乱，动荡；骚乱） in poorer countries.

乌克兰冲突后，全球大宗商品价格因担忧供应短缺而飙升，进而引发了对贫困国家出现饥荒和社会动荡的担忧。

 

While India is a small player, its assurances of exports from its large buffer stocks provided some support to global prices and soothed（减轻，缓解） fears of major（较重要的，主要的，重大的）shortages.

虽然印度是一个小麦出口小国，但从其大量缓冲存货中出口一部分小麦可以稳定全球价格，并缓解了全球对粮食严重短缺的担忧。

 

"No order is in perpetuity（for ever 永久，永恒）. If the global supply and demand is the same -- and once cooling (of prices) happens,it can be looked at again。" Mr Subrahmanyam said.

Subrahmanyam先生说: “事情不会一成不变。如果全球供需平衡，一旦（价格）降温，就可以重新考虑出口政策。”