富兰克林熊蜂还会有吗

发布于 2021-09-06 13:47

Bumblebee not seen since 2006 listed as endangered

熊蜂自2006年不见后被列为濒危物种

Franklin’s bumblebee is only the second bumblebee to join the U.S. endangeredspecies list, and the first from the American West

富兰克林熊蜂是美国西部第一个被列入名单的大黄蜂也是全国第二的大黄蜂

BYMATT KELLY

马特克里

PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 3,2021

2021年9月3日发刊

Franklin’s bumblebee, a rare black-and-yellow bee thathasn’t been seen since 2006, has been added to the U.S. endangered specieslist, the Fish and Wildlife Service announced inAugust.

富兰克林熊蜂是一种非珍惜的黑黄蜂，自2006年后再也没见过，已被美国鱼类及野生动物管理局列入了濒危动物名单。

It’s the first bumblebee in the American West to belisted and only the second in the entire country; the rusty patched bumblebee,once found in 28 states, was declared endangered in 2017.

富兰克林熊蜂是美国西部第一个被列入名单的熊蜂也是全国第二的熊蜂，在28州发现大黄蜂进入了衰退时期于是在2017年宣布濒危。

Named for early 20th-century bee researcher Henry J.Franklin, Franklin’s bumblebee faces multiple threats: pathogens fromcommercial bees, pesticides, and a historically small population size andrange. It’s only known to exist in a 13,000-square-mile region on theCalifornia-Oregon border—possibly the smallest range of any bumblebee in theworld.

富兰克林熊蜂是以20世纪早期研究员亨利富兰克林的名字命名的，它面临着多重威胁：工蜂身上的病原体、杀虫剂和栖息范围小部分污染。目前已知的栖息地只有加利佛尼亚-俄勒冈州边界13000平方米的范围—这应该是世界上最小的熊蜂栖息地。

While this bee hasn’t been seen for 15 years,scientists involved in conservation efforts say they don’t think it’s extinctyet. The Endangered Species Act listing means that, in addition to broadlyprohibiting any actions that could harm the bee, there will be more federalfunding available for state-level recovery initiatives, including expandedsearch efforts.

然而熊蜂已经消失了15年了，科学家尽力保护认为它们还没有灭绝。列入濒危物种的名单意味着从大体上禁止任何伤害熊蜂的行为，将为州级复兴计划提供更多的联邦资金，包括扩大搜索工作。

“It would surprise me more if we didn’t find it,”says Jeff Everett, the field biologist in charge of Franklin’s bumblebeeconservation for the Fish and Wildlife Service. And “once we know where they are,then we can bring more powerful, more meaningful conservation to bear.”

美国鱼类及野生动物管理局负责富兰克林熊蜂保护的田野生物学家姐夫爱瑞特说到：如果我们不可以找到它那真的很震惊。一旦我们知道它们在哪我们可以用更多的能力取得更多有意义的保护成果。

羽扇豆花

Franklin’s bumblebees visit a variety ofwildflowers, collecting pollen primarily from lupines and poppies, and gatheringnectar from mint. So little is known about the species, however, it’s not clearhow important it is to these flowers and the larger ecosystem. Nonethelessbumblebees in general are important pollinators, and the loss of any has thepotential to cause a cascade of ecological effects.

富兰克林熊蜂喜欢野花的种类很多，主要从羽扇豆和罂粟花上面采集花粉酿蜜。这是我们对于这个物种的一点了解，然而并不知道这对花儿和生态系统有多重要。作为重要的传粉者这意味着将会对大部分生物造成一系列的生态影响。

Findinga lost bee

寻找丢失的蜜蜂

Since it was first described by scientists a hundredyears ago, Franklin’s bumblebee has only been observed 325 times,mostly by Robbin Thorp, a professor of entomology at the University ofCalifornia, Davis. In 1998, when he started monitoring the bee inhis retirement, he saw 98 individuals; by 2006, he found just one. After that,none.

自一百多年前富兰克林熊蜂被发现以来，它只被加利福尼亚大学的昆虫学教授罗宾索普观察到325次，他第一次观察到熊蜂是1998年，他退休后他看见98个，2006年他看见1个，在那之后再也没有了。

That’s why in 2010 Thorp and the Xerces Society forInvertebrate Conservation filed a petition asking the U.S. Fish and WildlifeService to list Franklin’s bumblebee as endangered. Thorp passed away in 2019,two months before the service released its draft proposal to list it.

这就是为什么索普和薛西斯戈灰蝶协会请求美国鱼类及野生动物管理局把富兰克林熊蜂列入濒危物种名单的原因，索普与2019年去世，在他去世前的两个月管理局起草了这一名单。

“It's worrying that it hasn’t been seen in 15years,” says LeifRichardson, a conservationbiologist for the Xerces Society who compiled all the known records ofFranklin’s bumblebee for its status assessment. “However, I don't think it’stime to give up hope and declare it extinct.”

薛西斯戈灰蝶协会编制富兰克林熊蜂记录及状态的生物保护学家雷夫理查森说到：15年没有发现真的太令人担心了，然而，我并不认为我们该放弃，宣布这一熊蜂已经灭绝。

There’s still a lot of searching to do before makingthat call, Everett says.

爱瑞特说到在宣布灭绝前我们还有很多研究可以做。

Everett organizes a weeklong search event each July, which has grown to include up to 60 researchers and volunteers. Swingingnets and peering at wildflowers, they venture through the rugged wilderness ofFranklin’s historic range, surveying strategic locations in both California andOregon, hoping to spot the bee.

爱瑞特最值了7月数周的搜寻行动，这个行动包含了60个研究员和志愿者，抬着网挥着花在曾经富兰克林熊蜂活动的大致区域寻找，同样的拯救策略也在加利福尼亚和俄勒冈州进行着，希望可以找到熊蜂的踪迹

But, Everett says, “We may not be looking in all theright places and at all the right times.” And even if they are, a single beecould be right behind searchers but gone by the time they turn around.

That is why Everett has also been working on anothermethod of detection.

但是爱瑞特说到：我们或许在错的时间在对的地方。即使这样，也应该会有单个的熊蜂会和我们擦肩而过所以我们要多次搜寻。这也是为什么爱瑞特尝试另一种搜寻方法的原因。

For the past several years, the wildlife service andthe U.S. Geological Survey have been developing a DNA fingerprint forFranklin’s bumblebee. Once it’s complete, scientists will be able to testflower samples for the bee’s genetic material—they wouldn’t need to see the beeto determine it’s still alive and has recently visited a particular area.

在过去的数年里，鱼类及动物管理局和美国地质调查局一直在探索熊蜂的基因。一旦完成，科学家就可以通过测试花的样本来获取熊蜂的基因—他们不用确定它的存活和近期活动范围。

Hopefor rediscovery

期待再相遇

Because of its small population size and a limitedrange, Franklin’s bumblebee is especially vulnerable. The species isn’t knownto visit farms or agricultural areas regularly, but it’s possible the bee isstill exposed to neonicotinoid pesticides, which interfere with an insect’snervous system and lead to paralysis and death.

由于小范围生存空间的污染和限制，富兰克林熊蜂特别脆弱，这种熊蜂不经常拜访农场，但也可能是遭受到农厂烟碱类农药的伤害，致使昆虫神经受损瘫痪然后死去。

It’s also possible that pathogens from bees used forcommercial pollination services have spread pathogens to Franklin’s bumblebees and others in the wild. For example, theoutbreak of a fungal disease in the mid-1990s among commercial bumblebees has been linked to the rapid disappearance of several western bee species, includingFranklin’s.

也可能是工蜂病原体扩散到富兰克林熊蜂和其他生物。比如在1990年大量的工蜂爆发了由真菌引起的疾病，这让包括富兰克林熊蜂在内的熊蜂迅速消失了。

Despite these threats, Richardson and Everett saythey’re optimistic that, with the Endangered Species Act listing and increasedsurveys, they’ll find Franklin’s bumblebee.

尽管这很严峻，但是理查森和爱瑞特对此仍然乐观，他们认为濒危物种保护行动和增加探索他们会看见富兰克林熊蜂。

And once they do, experts can develop more specific conservationstrategies. These may include limiting the use of pesticides in certain placesat certain times, limiting activities that disturb the bee during its nestingor hibernating seasons, establishing a permitting process for how commercialbees are transported and housed around the country, and designating specifichabitat as critical to the bee’s recovery.

当他们做时，专家们就制定更多特别的策略，比如在特定区域特定时间限制杀虫剂使用，在冬眠季节限制捕捉和打扰生存的活动，让工蜂有可能建造房子繁衍，最关键的时它们生存栖息地的恢复。

蓝风轮蜂

Even after 15 years, it’s not unrealistic to thinkFranklin’s bumblebee will be found. There are notable examples of researchersrediscovering bees and other insects after they’ve been presumed to be extinct:The blue calamintha bee was found after nine years without a sighting in Florida; Fender’sblue butterfly was found after52 years in Oregon; and Wallace’s giant bee, the world’s largest, was rediscovered after 122 years in Indonesia. Ofthe more than 350 species rediscovered since 1889, the average time between the last sightingand rediscovery is 61 years, a 2011 studyfound.

虽然过了十五年富兰克林熊蜂不太可能再次被发现，但是这有这么多被推测灭绝的物种多年后再被发现的案例。比如：蓝风轮蜂在灭绝9年后在佛罗里达被发现，灰蓝蝶在52年后重现俄勒冈州，世界上最大的蜜蜂华莱士巨蜂在122年后重现印度尼西亚，2011的报告指出，自1889年后，物种再发现的平均时间是61年。