素材积累:代孕surrogacy

这两天最热的新闻，莫过于女明星郑爽疑似代孕弃养了。

一边吃瓜，一边积累素材哈哈哈哈哈哈

本期文章来源：

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/feb/25/surrogacy-sweden-ban

卫报：代孕等同于剥削，瑞典选择这样处理

That something is not quite right about surrogacy has been evident for some time. Ever since the commercial surrogacy industry kicked off in the late 1970s, it has been awash with scandals, exploitation and abuse. From the infamous “Baby M” case – in which the mother changed her mind and was forced, in tears, to hand over her baby – to the Japanese billionaire who ordered 16 children from different Thai clinics. There has been a total commodification of human life: click; choose race and eye color; pay, then have your child delivered.

This week, Sweden took a firm stand against surrogacy. The governmental inquiry on surrogacy published its conclusions, which the parliament is expected to approve later this year. These include banning all surrogacy, commercial as well as altruistic, and taking steps to prevent citizens from going to clinics abroad.

本周，瑞典坚决反对代孕。政府公布了代孕调查的结论，议会预计将在今年晚些时候批准。这些措施包括禁止一切代孕（商业形式和公益形式），并采取措施阻止公民前往国外诊所。

This is a ground-breaking decision, a true step forward for the women’s movement. Initially divided on the issue women came together and placed the issue higher up on the agenda. Earlier in February, feminist and human-rights activists from all over the world met in Paris to sign the charter against surrogacy, and the European Parliament has also called on states to ban it.

这是一个具有突破性的决定，妇女运动真正向前迈出了一步。女性最初在这个问题上产生意见分歧的时候，但是最终走到一起，把这个问题提上讨论议程。今年2月初，世界各地的女权主义者和人权活动家聚集巴黎，签署反对代孕的协定，欧洲议会也呼吁各国禁止代孕。

The major objections to the Swedish report have come from intended fathers, saying that if a woman wants to be a surrogate, surely it is wrong to prevent her from doing so. It is telling that few women cry over this missed opportunity. It is, after all, demand that fuels this industry.

瑞典报告的主要遭到的反对意见来自准爸爸们，他们说如果一个女人想要成为代孕妈妈，当然不应该阻止她 。显然，很少有女性会因为失去这个机会而伤心。毕竟，这个行业的发展是由相应需求推动的。

Surrogacy may have been surrounded by an aura of Elton John-ish happiness, cute newborns and notions of the modern family, but behind that is an industry that buys and sells human life. Where babies are tailor-made to fit the desires of the world’s rich. Where a mother is nothing, deprived even of the right to be called “mum”, and the customer is everything. The west has started outsourcing reproduction to poorer nations, just as we outsourced industrial production previously. It is shocking to see how quickly the UN convention on the rights of the child can be completely ignored. No country allows the sale of human beings – yet, who cares, so long as we are served cute images of famous people and their newborns?

代孕可能传递出埃尔顿 · 约翰式的幸福、可爱的新生儿和现代家庭等概念，但在这背后是一个交易人命的行业。在那里，婴儿是为了满足世界富人的欲望量身定做的。母亲什么也不是，甚至被剥夺了被称为“妈妈”的权利，而顾客就是一切。西方国家已经开始将生孩子外包给较贫穷的国家，就像我们以前外包工业生产一样。令人震惊的是，联合国儿童权利公约竟然如此迅速地被完全忽视。没有哪个国家允许贩卖人口，然而，只要我们能看到名人和他们新生儿的可爱模样，谁在乎呢？

To save surrogacy from accusations like this, some resort to talking of so-called “altruistic” surrogacy. If the mother is not being paid, there is no exploitation going on. Maybe she is doing it out of generosity, for a friend, a daughter or a sister.

为了避免代孕受到这样的指责，一些人开始谈论所谓的“利他形式”代孕。如果代孕母亲没有得到报酬，就不存在剥削。也许她这样做是因为本人好心，为了朋友、女儿或姐妹而愿意代孕。

The Swedish inquiry refutes this argument. There is no proof, says the inquiry, that legalizing “altruistic” surrogacy would do away with the commercial industry. International experience shows the opposite – citizens of countries such as the US or Britain, where the practice of surrogacy is widespread, tend to dominate among foreign buyers in India and Nepal. The inquiry also says that there is evidence that surrogates still get paid under the table, which is the case in Britain. One cannot, says the inquiry, expect a woman to sign away her rights to a baby she has not even seen nor got to know yet – this in itself denotes undue pressure.

瑞典的调查驳斥了这一论点。调查显示，没有证据表明，将 “利他形式” 代孕合法化，会消灭商业市场。（划线句为翻译练习）。调查还显示，有证据表明代孕母亲仍然会私下得到报酬，在英国就是如此。调查表示，人们不能指望一个妇女签字后，就能放弃对一个她甚至没见过也没了解过的婴儿所拥有的权利，这本身就意味着不适当的压迫。

In any case, the notion of “altruistic” surrogacy – apart from being a red herring, since it barely happens in reality – has a very strange ideological underpinning. As if exploitation only consisted in giving the woman money. In that case, the less she is paid, the less she is exploited.

无论如何，“利他形式”代孕的理念，有很奇怪的意识形态基础（不过可以用来转移注意力，因为它在现实中几乎不存在）。好像剥削就只是给女人钱似的。在这种理解下，她得到的报酬越少，意味着受到的剥削就越少。

In reality, “altruistic” surrogacy means that a woman goes through exactly the same thing as in commercial surrogacy, but gets nothing in return. It demands of the woman to carry a child for nine months and then give it away. She has to change her behavior and risk infertility, a number of pregnancy-related problems, and even death. She is still used as a vessel, even if told she is an angel. The only thing she gets is the halo of altruism, which is a very low price for the effort and can only be attractive in a society where women are valued for how much they sacrifice, not what they achieve.

事实上，“利他形式”代孕意味着一个女人经历了和商业代孕完全一样的事情，但却得不到任何回报。它要求女性怀胎九个月，然后把孩子送人。她不得不改变自己的行为，冒着不孕不育、出现很多怀孕相关毛病，甚至死亡的风险。她仍然被当成一个送子机器使用，即便别人说她是个天使。她唯一能获得的就是利他主义光环，这是一种非常廉价的奖赏，只有在一个女性价值取决于她们的牺牲而不是成就的社会，这种光环才有吸引力。

India and Thailand do not want their female citizens to become the baby factories of the world. Now it is time for Europe to take responsibility. We are the buyers, we need to show solidarity and stop this industry while we can.

印度和泰国不希望他们的女性公民成为世界婴儿工厂。现在是欧洲承担责任的时候了。我们是买家，我们要团结一致.在我们尚有能力的时候，我们要阻止这个行业向前。