【高考真题】2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 北京卷·语文与英语

发布于 2021-09-07 07:49

2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试

北京卷·语文

一、本大题共5小题,共17分。

阅读下面材料,完成1-5题。

材料一

机器学习是一种人工智能技术,它通过设计算法,让计算机可以从有限的观测数据中分析并获取规律,然后利用“学习”到的规律对未知数据进行预测,从而帮助人们完成应用任务。运用机器学习解决应用问题,一般包含如下几步:首先是对观测数据作预处理,然后是从观测数据中提取有效特征并对特征进行转换,最后是构建函数并利用它进行预测。

深度学习需要构建具有一定“深度”的模型,让机器自动从观测数据中学习到有效的特征,帮助提升预测的准确率。“深度”与数据处理过程的组件数量密切相关,深度模型的原始输入与输出结果之间有多个组件,每个组件都会对数据进行加工,并影响后续组件。当得到最终的输出结果时,我们并不清楚每个组件的贡献是多少,判断每个组件对输出结果的影响称为“贡献度分配”问题。以下围棋为例,每当下完一盘棋,我们会思考哪几步棋导致了最后的胜利或失败,判断每一步棋贡献的多少就是贡献度分配问题。该问题在深度学习中至关重要,解决起来也非常困难。

目前,深度学习大多采用“人工神经网络”来实现。人工神经网络内部包含多个层次,正好能满足深度学习的“深度”需求。近年来,深度学习技术快速发展,其所使用的人工神经网络模型从早期的五至十层增加到目前的数百层,这极大提高了特征提取与转换的能力,也使预测的准确率随之上升。

深度学习技术被广泛应用于模式识别、自然语言处理等诸多领域并取得了重大突破。我们要想在方兴未艾的科技革命中占有先机,牢固掌握以深度学习为代表的人工智能技术是必要条件。

1.根据材料一,下列表述正确的一项是(3分)(    )

A.机器学习的最终目的是从数据中寻找到某种规律。

B.机器学习从数据中学到的规律可以用函数来表示。

C.机器学习完成特征提取与转换后就可以进行预测。

D.浅层学习无需人工干预,完全依赖机器自主完成。

2.根据材料一,下列对“深度学习”的理解与推断,不正确的一项是(3分)(    )

A.可以更好地处理数据特征,更准确地预测。        B.数据处理过程中的组件数量会影响其深度。

C.数据处理过程中影响最大的组件不难确定。        D.是人工智能技术的代表,已有广泛的应用。

材料二

人脑神经系统是一个非常复杂的组织,包含几百亿个神经元。神经元与神经元之间没有物理连接,它们通过突触进行互联来传递信息。神经元可被看作是只有兴奋和抑制两种状态的细胞,突触将一个神经元的兴奋状态传至另一个神经元。突触有强有弱,其强度可以通过学习或训练来不断改变,具有一定的可塑性。一个神经元的状态是兴奋还是抑制,取决于它从其他神经元接收到的信号量以及突触的强度。当一个神经元接收到的信号量总和超过了某个阈值,细胞体就会兴奋,产生电脉冲,电脉冲通过突触传递到其他神经元。可以认为,在人脑神经系统中,每个神经元本身固然重要,但更重要的是神经元如何组成网络。

受人脑的启发,科学家构建了一种在结构、工作原理和功能上都模拟人脑神经系统的计算模型,称之为“人工神经网络”,简称“神经网络”。在机器学习领域,神经网络指由很多人工神经元相互连接构成的系统,这些人工神经元一般被称为节点,每个节点本质上是一个函数。神经网络不同节点间的连接被赋予了不同的权重,每个权重表示一个节点对另一个节点影响的大小。每个节点的“兴奋”或“抑制”,由来自其他节点的数据信息与节点间的连接权重综合计算得到。

深度学习利用神经网络构建模型,可以对数据进行更好的特征提取与特征转换,从而得到预测准确率更高的函数。除了神经网络模型,深度学习也可以采用“深度信念网络”等其他类型的模型。但由于神经网络能借助相关算法较好地解决贡献度分配问题,它成为了深度学习主要采用的模型。

(以上两则材料取材于邱锡鹏的相关著作)

3.根据材料二,下列对人脑神经系统的理解,不正确的一项是(3分)(    )

A.一个神经元是兴奋还是抑制的状态不全由其自身决定。

B.一个神经元接收到其他神经元的电脉冲以后就会兴奋。

C.人脑神经系统中神经元本身不如神经元如何组网重要。

D.人脑神经系统启发了深度学习中一种主要模型的构建。

4.根据材料一和材料二,下列理解与推断,不正确的一项是(3分)(    )

A.人工神经网络在自然语言处理等诸多领域是无可替代的。

B.深度学习进行预测的能力与其模型的层次数量密切相关。

C.沟通不同神经元的突触的强度不是恒定的,可以被改变。

D.人工神经网络模型被深度学习采用有不止一方面的原因。

5.根据以上两则材料,说明深度学习“应运而生”的原因,以及人工神经网络在深度学习中的作用。(5分)

二、本大题共6小题,共24分。

阅读下面文言文,完成6-10题。(共18分)

夫儒生,礼义也;耕战,饮食也。贵耕战而儒生,是弃礼义求饮食也。使礼义废,纲纪败,上下乱阴阳谬,水旱失时,五谷不登,万民饥死,农不得耕,士不得战也。故以旧为无益而去之,必有水灾;旧礼为无补而去之,必有乱患。儒者之在世,礼义之旧防也,有之无益,无之有损。夫礼义,无成效于人,然成效者须[1]礼义而成。犹足蹈路而行,所路之路须不蹈者;身须手足而动,动者待不动者。故事或无益,益者须之;或无效,而效者待之。儒生,耕战所须待也,弃而不存,如何?

韩子非儒,谓之无益有损,盖谓俗儒无行操,举措不重礼,以儒名而俗行,以实学而伪说,贪官尊荣,故不足贵。夫志洁行显,不徇爵禄,去卿相之位若脱躧者,居位治职,功虽不立,此礼义为业也。国之所以存,礼义也。民无礼义,倾国危主。今儒者之操,重礼爱义,率无礼义士,激无义之人。人民善,爱其主上,此亦有益也。闻伯夷风者,贪夫廉,懦夫有立志;闻柳下惠风者,薄夫,鄙夫宽。此上化也,非人所见。

段干木2】阖门不出,魏文3】敬之,表式其闾,秦军闻之,卒不攻魏。使魏无干木,秦兵入境,境土危亡。秦,强国也,兵无不胜,兵加于魏,魏国必破,三军兵顿,流血千里。今魏文式阖门之士,却强秦之兵,全魏国之境,济三军之众,功莫大焉,赏莫先焉。

齐有高节之士,曰狂谲、华士,二人昆弟也,义不降志,不仕非其主。太公封于齐,此二子解沮4】齐众,开不上用之路,同时诛之。韩子善之,以为二子无益而有损也。

夫狂谲、华士,段干木之类也,太公诛之,无所却到;魏文侯式之,却强秦而全魏,功孰大者?狂谲、华士之操,干木之节也,使韩子善干木阖门之节、高魏文之式是也,则善太公之诛非也。使韩子非干木之行,下魏文之式,则干木以此行而有益,魏文用式之道为有功;是韩子不赏功、尊有益也。

(取材于王充《论衡·非韩》)

注释:【1】须:等待,这里是依靠的意思。【2】段干木:战国时魏国隐士。【3】魏文:魏文候,战国初魏国君主。【4】解沮:瓦解、涣散。

6.下列对句中加点词的解释,不正确的一项是(3分)(    )

A.贵耕战而儒生            贱:轻视

B.使礼义废,纲纪败          使:假如

C.故以旧为无益而去之      防:防备

D.薄夫,鄙夫宽            敦:敦厚

7.下列各组语句中,加点词的意义和用法都相同的一组是(3分)(    )

A.上下乱阴阳谬           故事或无益,益者须之

B.旧礼为无补而去之       此二子解沮齐众

C.此礼义为业           国之所以存

D.人民                 开不上用之路

8.下列对文中语句的理解,不正确的一项是(3分)(    )

A.以儒名而俗行                名义上是儒生,行动却跟一般人一样

B.不徇爵禄                    不为了爵位和俸禄而牺牲自己的生命

C.此上化也,非人所见           这是最高的教化,不是常人能看到的

D.非干木之行、下魏文之式       指责干木的操行、贬低魏文扶轼致敬

9.根据文意,下列理解与推断,不正确的一项是(3分)(    )

A.韩非认为儒生没有用处只有害处,本文认为儒生很有用处,不应抛弃。

B.本文赞赏魏文侯向段干木扶轼致敬的做法,认为功劳很大,无法超越。

C.韩非认为留着狂谲、华士没有好处只有坏处,因而赞赏太公杀了他们。

D.本文认为狂谲、华士与段干木是同一类人,对保全国家没有什么用处。

10.本文第一段体现了相反相成的思想,即相互对立的事物之间也有相互依赖、相互促成的一面。请结合本段相关语句,用自己的话谈谈作者是如何阐明这一思想的。(6分)

11.阅读下面《论语》中的文字,回答问题。(6分)

子曰:“由也!女闻六言【注】六蔽矣乎?”对曰:“未也。”

“居!吾语女。好仁不好学,其蔽也愚;好知不好学,其蔽也荡;好信不好学,其蔽也贼;好直不好学,其蔽也绞;好勇不好学,其蔽也乱;好刚不好学,其蔽也狂。”

(《阳货》)

【注】言:德。

孔子为什么把学习与道德修养联系在一起?请从“六言六蔽”中任选两个,用自己的话加以解释。

三、本大题共5小题,共26分。

阅读下面诗歌,完成12-14题。(共12分)

和陶归园田居(其一)1】

苏轼

环州多白水,际海皆苍山。以彼无尽景,寓我有限年。

东家著孔丘,西家著颜渊。市为不二价,农为不争田。

周公与管蔡2】,恨不茅三间。我饱一饭足,薇蕨补食前。

门生馈薪米,救我厨无烟。斗酒与只鸡,酣歌饯华颠3】

禽鱼岂知道,我适物自闲。悠悠未必尔,聊乐我所然。

注释:【1】此诗作于苏轼被贬惠州时。一日苏轼游白水山佛迹岩,夜闻其子苏过诵陶渊明《归园田居》,于是作此诗。【2】周公与管蔡:西周初,管叔、蔡叔叛,周公率兵平叛。【3】华颠:头发花白。

12.下列对诗句的分析,不正确的一项是(3分)(    )

A.“环州多白水”四句写景,写惠州被群山环绕,幽僻而苍凉。

B.“东家著孔丘”四句,写出了当地人的道德淳厚、民风纯朴。

C.“周公与管蔡”二句,设想彼此对立的人也会向往安居于此。

D.“我饱一饭足”二句,写生活虽穷困,但诗人仍能感到满足。

13.下列对这首诗的理解与赏析,正确的一项是(3分)(    )

A.本诗与陶诗都反映出诗人在远离官场之后,归隐田园的心情。

B.作者效仿陶渊明,在抒写田园生活时,表达了对劳作的热爱。

C.陶诗原作除最后一句外通篇对仗,作者这首和陶诗也是如此。

D.本诗语言质朴而内涵丰富,正如作者评陶诗所言“质而实绮”。

14.宋诗以理见长,苏轼这首诗也有此特点,请分析诗歌最后四句说出了怎样的道理。(6分)

15.在横线处填写作品原句。(共8分)

1)古代贬谪之地往往环境艰苦,白居易在《琵琶行》中这样描述谪居浔阳的生活:“____________________________________。其间旦暮闻何物?杜鹃啼血猿哀鸣。

2)古代诗人多有对“乐”的独到体会。欧阳修贬滁州,于山林间感慨“禽鸟知山林之乐,而不知人之乐;____________________________________”。

3)宋初道士陈抟,字图南,号扶摇子,其名、字、号都出自《庄子·逍遥游》。其名与号出自“__________________”,其字出自“__________________”。

4)骨气是人之脊梁,李白“____________________________________”的傲岸,郑板桥“千磨万击还坚劲,任尔东西南北风”的坚毅,都是骨气的表现。

16.根据要求,回答问题。(共6分)

《红楼梦》第十三回,秦可卿去世前向王熙凤托梦,说道:

若目今以为荣华不绝,不思后日,终非长策。眼见不日又有一件非常喜事,真是烈火烹油、鲜花着锦之盛。要知道,也不过是瞬息的繁华,一时的欢乐,万不可忘了那“盛筵必散”的俗语。……我与婶子好了一场,临别赠你两句话,须要记着:三春去后诸芳尽,各自须寻各自门。

1)这里说的“非常喜事”在小说中指什么?(2分)

2)画线的部分与小说后续情节有何关系?请结合原著,举例说明。(4分)

四、本大题共4小题,共18分。

阅读下面作品,完成17-20题。

心灵的呼吸

音乐,在我的童年生活里,是沉重而苍凉的存在。许多真诚而朴实的响器的演奏和歌声,强烈地感染了我,像土地、阳光、露珠、微风那样地真实。我觉得人世间的确有一些美好的声音使你无法忘却,它渗透了你的生命,它沉重如种子落在你的心上,永远留在那里,生了根。

父亲屋里的墙上,挂着一管竹箫,我只听他吹过一次。一个秋天的黄昏,我已近十岁光景,父亲独自到房顶上,背靠着烟囱,手挂着箫。我坐在房顶的一个角落,离父亲好远,我的心灵感到一片空茫,隐隐地感觉出父亲是孤独而哀伤的。天渐渐地暗黑下来,父亲的面孔已经模糊不清。我不是听见,是感觉到了有一种很轻飘的、跟夜雾融成一气的声音,幽幽地,静穆地,一缕一丝地降落到我的心上。吹的什么曲调,我不知道,是从来未听过的声音。那箫声仿佛是从父亲深奥的体腔内部流泄出来的,像黑暗中的小溪流,你不用心去感觉,就什么也听不到。父亲什么时候不吹了,我不知道,我们谁也看不见谁,互相没有说一句话。箫不吹了,但那个由声音显示的情境还在,人和箫声都不愿意分离。我觉得箫声是很神秘的,箫是接通心灵与遥远世界的通道,就像微细的血管与心脏相通那样相依为命的关系。回想起来,我当年学着写诗,就是想找一管接通遥远世界的箫,或与箫相似的让心灵能呼吸的气管。

箫,只属于我父亲个人,他只为自己吹,不要听众。笙和管子,父亲经常吹,不是独自吹,是跟村里的“自乐班”的人一块儿,总是在黄昏以后吹。深秋农闲以后,他们几乎天天在村里的广场上吹奏,全村人都能听到。演奏的声音,如当空月亮,照遍了每个角落。

“先得摸透每个笙管的个性”,父亲对我说。他让我一个音一个音地认识笙。黄昏时,我坐在屋顶上学着吹,如果父亲正好在家,他总认真地听我吹,很少指点,最多说一句“用心好好琢磨”。笙对我是一个很大的诱惑,我吹奏时感到很振奋,整个的生命都感触到了美妙的节奏。可以说,我对节奏的理解,就是从吹笙开始的。心灵的吐诉需要节奏,节奏能把内心的各种情感调动起来,凝聚成实实在在的音响世界,任何一个音节都不是可有可无的,都不是孤立的。

父亲跟我一块儿吹,总要检查我的手和脸是否干净。仿佛不只是吹吹笙,是带我一起去一处远远的精神境界,比走亲成还要郑重几分。父亲和我端端地坐在炕上,面对面地吹,中间隔着一张炕桌。我当时觉得这一切的细节确有必要,它表现了一种虔诚的气氛和心境。

父亲没有让我吹过管子,说我人还小,容易伤了心肺。笙主要起和声作用,是柔性子,它的声音是浑圆的,而管子的声音是峻拔的,像忽上忽下飞翔的鸟,在笙声的云雾中鸣唱。管子是用硬木镂空制作的,握在手里很沉重,还镶着一圈圈的白铜。父亲吹管子时,脸憋得通红,胸间的气似乎聚集起来朝上冲,拼命朝高高的顶峰飞跃。父亲的嘴异常灵活地吹奏着,声音的高低强弱很难控制,每个音节,稍一不慎,松懈一下,就可能从高入云霄的顶峰摔了下来,把乐曲摔得粉身碎骨。

到现在我还有一种看法,吹奏时,曲谱固然重要,但吹奏者的心境与情绪以及周围的环境,都是不可分的。黄昏后,村里的“自乐班”在广场上演奏时,那情景,那气氛,表面上很混乱,尘土飞扬,还免不了有孩子们的哭闹声,可是一旦演奏起来,杂乱的一切都融和了。“自乐班”的人大都是从口外回来的,年纪都不小了,他们受够了苦,需要解闷,当他们在一起合奏的时候,似乎忘掉了一切。所有的曲调都是很苍凉的,在苍茫之中,他们的心像雁群一般飞越过寒冷的冬天,飞越过苦难的人生。如果我对音乐有一点素养的话,主要就是从这些充满了热汗味和烟尘气的场合感受来的。

童年时半夜醒来,常听到沉郁的驼铃声在空旷的夜里一声声地响着,回想起来,我觉得那是一种生命的音乐,一种长途跋涉的沉缓而坚毅的节奏。拉骆驼的老汉和一匹匹骆驼需要这苍凉而庄重的乐音伴随着。

我在童年少年时期受到的音乐熏陶,使我形成了对乡土音乐的迷恋,也使我这一辈子都无法背离深入骨髓的乡土气,也影响了我的诗的气质。这也就是所有故乡的性格吧!

(取材于牛汉的同名散文)

17.下列对文中加点词语的解说,不正确的一项是(3分)(    )

A.父亲深奥的体腔内部         深奥:深邃神秘

B.心灵的吐诉需要节奏         吐诉:吐露、倾诉

C.管子的声音是峻拔         峻拔:尖而细

D.杂乱的一切都融和         融和:和谐

18.下列对文章的理解与赏析,不正确的一项是(3分)(    )

A.作者的父亲摸透了笙管的特点,当他吹笙时,笙就好像与他融为了一体。

B.硬木制作的管子握在手里很沉重,所以吹奏时声音的高低强弱很难控制。

C.作者屡屡将音乐的记忆融于黄昏的情境中叙写,有效传达出苍凉的感受。

D.作者用“雁群飞过冬天”形象而生动地喻指了音乐具有超越苦难的力量。

19.作者写出了他对音乐的理解逐渐深入的过程,请结合全文内容,简要分析这一过程。(6分)

20.请结合文章内容,谈谈文章标题“心灵的呼吸”包含了哪些涵义。(6分)

五、本大题共3小题,共65分。

21.语言基础运用(共5分)

①近年来,我国数字经济欣欣向荣,互联网应用百花齐放网络的发展便捷了人们的生活,与此同时,给管网治网带来了许多新的挑战。③目前各类服务端APP都上线了青少年模式,虽取得了一定成效,但仍存在不少漏洞。④随着短视频、直播平台的异军突起,还带来了未成年人沉迷网络、打赏主播等问题,引起家长的普遍担忧。事实上,不仅未成年人需要清朗的网络环境,对广大人民群众而言,也渴求健康的网络空间⑥网络上,水军、黑公关等顽瘴痼疾反复兴风作浪,淫秽色情、赌博诈骗信息屡禁不绝,群众对此反应强烈,普遍期待开展一场网络大扫除。

1)下列说法不正确的一项是(3分)(    )

A.加点的两个四字成语使用得当。           B.加波浪线的两句有相同的语病。

C.第⑤⑥两句的位置不能够互换。           D.末句的“反应”应改为“反映”。

2)不改变原意,将第②句中画线并被逗号隔开的两个语言片段整合为一个。将改写后的答案写在答题卡上。(2分)

22.微写作(10分)

从下面三个题目中任选一题,按要求作答。

1)文学名著中常有一些让人心生遗憾又给人启迪的人物。请从《红楼梦》《呐喊》《边城》《红岩》《平凡的世界》《老人与海》中选择一个人物,谈谈他(或她)为何令你感到遗憾,又带给你怎样的启发。要求:写明作品和人物,言之有理。不超过150字。

2)为庆祝中国共产党成立一百周年,班级要开展“缅怀革命先辈、点燃青春激情”的主题活动。如果让你参与策划,你会在活动中设计一个怎样的核心环节?请说说理由。要求:简要说明核心环节的内容,重点陈述理由。不超过150字。

3)请以“醒来的瞬间”为题写一首小诗或一段抒情文字。要求:感情真挚,语言生动。小诗不超过150字,抒情文字150字左右。

23.作文(50分)

从下面两个题目中任选一题,按要求作答。不少于700字。将题目写在答题卡上。

1)每个人都生活在特定的时代,每个人在特定时代中的人生道路各不相同。在同一个时代,有人慨叹生不逢时,有人只愿安分随时,有人深感生逢其时、时不我待……

请以“论生逢其时”为题目,写一篇议论文。

要求:论点明确,论据充实,论证合理;语言流畅,书写清晰。

2)瓜熟蒂落、羽翼丰满,这是草木鸟兽成熟的模样;但对我们而言,真正的成熟却不仅仅指身体的长成……

请以“这,才是成熟的模样”为题目,写一篇记叙文。

要求:思想健康;内容充实,有细节描写;语言流畅,书写清晰。

 

2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(北京卷)

语文参考答案

一、(本大题共5小题,共17分)

1.B      2.C      3.B      4.A

5.答案要点:

原因:浅层学习有时不能很好地获取有助于提升预测准确率的特征。

作用:①人工神经网络可用来构建深度学习的模型。

②人工神经网络模型可提高特征提取与特征转换的能力。

③人工神经网络模型有助于解决贡献度分配问题。

④人工神经网络模型有助于提升预测准确率。

二、(本大题共6小题,共24分)

6.C      7.B      8.B      9.D

10.答案示例:

①本文第一段通过几个例子来体现相反相成的思想。

人走路时,脚踩着的路要靠没有踩着的地方才能成为路。

人的身体要靠手足才能活动,但能动的手足要靠不动的身躯才能活动。

②由此得出结论,有的事物表面上看起来没有用处,但是有用处的事情却要依靠它;礼义表面上对人没有成效,但有成效的事情要靠礼义才能完成。

11.答案要点:

①通过学习可以加强或提升道德修养,如果不学习就会产生各种弊病。

②“好仁”二句:追求仁德而不喜好学习,它的弊病是憨傻易欺。

“好知”二句:喜好聪慧却不喜好学习,它的弊病是放荡无守。

“好信”二句:讲求诚信却不喜好学习,它的弊病是带来伤害。

“好直”二句:讲求直率而不喜好学习,它的弊病是尖刻伤人。

“好勇”二句:追求勇敢却不喜好学习,它的弊病是好斗作乱。

“好刚”二句:喜好刚强却不喜好学习,它的弊病是狂妄自大。

(答出其中的两个即可)

三、(本大题共5小题,共26分)

12.A      13.D

14.答案要点:

①前两句侧重写人与自然的关系,说明心中有道,则能顺应自然,与自然、外物相融相亲。

②后两句侧重写诗人的超然态度,说明尽管外物未必和谐、美好,但内心的超脱也能使人自得其乐。

15.(1)住近湓江地低湿          黄芦苦竹绕宅生

2)人知从太守游而乐           而不知太守之乐其乐也

3)抟扶摇而上者九万里(抟扶摇羊角而上者九万里)        而后乃今将图南(然后图南)

4)安能摧眉折腰事权贵         使我不得开心颜

16.答案要点:

1)元妃省亲(贾元春才选凤藻宫)

2)是小说后续情节发展的暗示,暗示了青春少女的红颜薄命以及封建家族走向崩溃的悲剧。例如小说写林黛玉泪尽而亡、贾府最后被抄家等。

四、(本大题共4小题,共18分)

17.C      18.B

19.答案要点:

①作者因偶然听到父亲吹箫,初步地感受到音乐对于生命的意义。

②作者学习吹笙时对不同乐器在音乐上的特点有了更具体的了解。

③“自乐班”的演奏使作者的理解延伸到音乐背后的社会和人生。

④作者成年后领悟到现实生活中的一些声响也具有音乐般的美感。

20.答案要点:

①文中写到的都是吹奏乐器,它们的演奏都有赖于呼吸的控制。

②音乐是接通心灵和遥远世界的通道,是让心灵能呼吸的气管。

③心灵的吐诉如同呼吸要有节奏,节奏能把内心情感调动起来。

④技巧熟练的演奏会紧贴曲调的命脉,使音调像呼吸一样自然。

五、(本大题共3小题,共65分)

21.(1)D

2)参考答案:

网络的发展在便捷了人们的生活的同时

22.略

23.略

2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试

北京卷·英语

第一部分 知识运用(共两节,30分)

第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分)

阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从每题所给的ABCD四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑

RecentlyI took a trip home by trainI got a seat opposite a middle-aged man with sharp eyeswho kept  1  a young woman in a window seat with a little boy on her lapThe woman's eye fell on the man's faceand she immediately looked down and  2  her scarf

As the night wore onpeople began to close their eyesbut the seats were so uncomfortable that only a very heavy sleeper could manage to get any  3  The woman looked over at the manHe was still staring at herShe looked back at him with fire in her eyesI was beginning to get  4  too

The train moved onThe little boy was   5   awake on his mother's lapbut the woman dropped off to sleepA moment laterhe began to  6  the half-open window—one leg went over itThe man jumped up and   7  the child just before he fell out

The  8   woke up the womanShe seemed to be in  9  and then reality dawned (显现)Your child has been looking for an opportunity to climb out of the window”the man said as he gave the child back to her. So I have been watching the whole timeThe woman was   10  and so was I

1. A. guiding      B. bothering        C. watching      D. monitoring

2. A. adjusted     B. changed     C. packed   D. waved

3. A. air          B. joy      C. space        D. rest

4. A. nervous     B. embarrassed C. angry   D. disappointed

5. A. almost     B. still   C. hardly     D. even

6. A. drag      B. climb  C. knock          D. push

7. A. grabbed    B. rocked   C. touched   D. picked

8. A. alarm   B. quarrel   C. risk       D. noise

9. A. sorrow    B. relief  C. panic        D. pain

10. A. astonished  B. confused  C. concerned   D. inspired

第二节10小题;每小题1.5分,共15

阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空请在答题卡指定区域作答

A

Why do we dreamScientists aren't completely sureand they have diverse  11   ideaDreams might be a side effect of memory makingWhen you sleepyour brain sorts through everything   12   happened during the daytrying to link new experiences to old memories. As it   13   connect) thingsyour brain tums them into a storyand you get a dream

B

Sam is an in-real-life streamer(播主),and he live streams himself just going about his dayWhile riding his bike home   14   a cold nighthe came across a sad-looking elderly woman wandering the streets by herselfThe poor woman wasn't able to give him any information about   15   she livedSam walked her to a nearby convenience store so that she could   16  safe) wait for the police to take her home

C

There   17  be) a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years  18  cause) largely by rising global temperaturesaccording to a new report from the United NationsFrom 2000 to 2019there were7,348 major natural disasters around the world  19  result) in USD2,970 billion in economic lossMuch of this increase can be due to climate changeThe findings show a critical need   20   investin disaster prevention.

第二部分 阅读理解(共两节,38分)

第一节(共14小题;每小题2分,共28分)

阅读下列短文,从每题所给的ABCD四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑

A

If you are planning to start a career in the field of educationscienceor culturethen an internship(实习)at UNESCO will be ideal for you

Who can apply

You have completed your full-time university studiesor

You are studying in a graduate program for a master's degree

Applicants in technical assignments must have reached the last year of their studies in a technical institution

What are the requirements

You must be at least 20 years old

You should have a good command (掌握) of either English or French

You must have an excellent knowledge of office-related software

You should be able to work well in a team and adapt to an international working environment

You should possess strong interpersonal and communication skills

What do you need to prepare

VisaYou should obtain the necessary visas

TravelYou must arrange and finance your travel to and from the location where you will do your internship

Medical insuranceYou must show proof of a comprehensive health insurance valid(有效的)in the target country for the entire period of the internshipUNESCO will provide limited insurance coverage up to USD30,000 for the internship period

Medical certificateYou must provide a medical certificate indicating you are fit to work

Motivation letterYou should have your motivation letter ready before filling out the application form

Your application will be accessed by UNESCO managers and will stay in our database for six monthsWe do not respond to every candidateIf selectedyou will be contacted by a managerIf you do not receive any update within six monthsit means that your application has not been successful

21. According to this passageapplicants are required to_________

A. hold a master's degree in science

B. have international work experience

C. be fluent in either English or French

D. present a letter from a technical institution

22. What will UNESCO provide for the internship period

A. Limited medical insurance coverage

B. Training in communication skills

C. A medical certificate for work

D. Financial support for travel

23. What should applicants do before filling out the application form

A. Contact UNESCO managers                 B. Get access to the database

C. Keep a motivation letter at hand              D. Work in a team for six months

B

I remember the day during our first week of class when we were informed about our semester(学期)project of volunteering at a non-profit organizationWhen the teacher introduced us to the different organizations that needed our helpmy last choice was Operation Iraqi Children OICMy first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind

Thenan OIC representative gave us some detailswhich somewhat interested meAfter doing some research, I believed that we could really do something for those kidsWhen I went online to the OIC websiteI saw pictures of the Iraqi childrenTheir faces were so powerful in sending a message of their despair(绝望) and need that I joined this project without hesitationWe decided to collect as many school supplies as possibleand make them into kits——one kitone child

The most rewarding day for our group was project daywhen all the efforts we put into collecting the items finally came togetherWhen I saw the various supplies we had collectedit hit me that every kit we were to build that day would eventually be in the hands of an Iraqi childOver the past four monthsI had never imagined how I would feel once our project was completedWhile making the kitsI realized that I had lost sight of the true meaning behind itI had only focused on the fact that it was another school project and one I wanted to get a good grade onWhen the kits were completedand ready to be sent overseasthe warm feeling I had was one I would never forget

In the beginningI dared myself to make a difference in the life of another personNow that our project is overI realize that I have affected not only one lifebut tenWith our effortsten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education

24.How did the author feel about joining the OIC project in the beginning

A. It would affect his/her initial plans

B. It would involve traveling overseas

C. It would not bring him/her a good grade

D. It would not live up to his/her expectations

25. What mainly helped the author change his/her attitude toward the project

A. Images of Iraqi children                       B. Research by his/her classmates

C. A teacher's introduction                        D. A representative's comments

26. The author's OIC project group would help ten Iraqi children to__________.

A. become OIC volunteers                          B. further their education

C. study in foreign countries                         D. influence other children

27. What can we conclude from this passage

A. One's potential cannot always be underrated

B. First impression cannot always be trusted

C. Actions speak louder than words

D. He who hesitates is lost

C

Hundreds of scientistswriters and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last DecemberPolicymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapseResearchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse asa credible scenario(情景) this century”.

A survey of scientists found that extreme weather eventsfood insecurityand freshwater shortages might create global collapseOf courseif you are a non-human speciescollapse is well underway

The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nationsNot very long agoit was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility

The international scholars' warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happenCollapseologythe study of collapseis more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilizationAmong the signatories(签署者)of the warning was Bob Johnsonthe originator of theecological footprintconceptwhich measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyleWith the current footprint of humanity,“it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some formpossibly within a decadecertainly within this century,”Johnson said in an email

Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits, the December warning letter sayscan we have the hope to reduce theirspeedseverity and harmAnd yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignoredWe all want to hope things will turn out fineAs a poet wrote

Man is a victim of dope (麻醉品)

In the incurable form of hope

The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness.“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,”hey say,“and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future

28. What does the underlined wordgermanein Paragraph 3 probably mean

A. Scientific                                      B. Credible

C. Original                                        D. Relevant

29. As for the public awareness of global collapsethe author is__________

A. worried                                          B. puzzled

C. surprised                                         D. scared

30. What can we learn from this passage

A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits

B. The author agrees with the message of the poem

C. The issue of collapse is being prioritized

D. The global collapse is well underway

D

Early fifth-century philosopher StAugustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked himAlbert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure itToday's state-of-the-art atomic(原子的) clocks have proven Einstein rightEven advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking

Forget about time as an absoluteWhat ifinstead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecologyWhat if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo(节奏) of human lifeWe're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering aloneand realizing that we need to moderate(调节)our actions if we hope to live in balanceWhat if our definition of time reflected that

RecentlyI conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planetconditions that might change as a result of global warmingWe're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan riverswhich are sensitive to local and global environmental changesWe've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rateIf the rivers run faster in the future on averagethe clock will get ahead of standard timeIf they run sloweryou'll see the opposite effect

The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamicsIt's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame(时间框架),and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phonesAnyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planetAnyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies

Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particularsearly agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomenaIn pre-Classical Greecefor instancepeoplecorrectedofficial calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of seasonTemporal connection to the environment was vital to their survivalLikewiseriver time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness

When StAugustine admitted his inability to define time, he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualitiesTime becomes meaningful only in a defined contextAny timekeeping system is validand each is as praiseworthy as its purpose

31. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1

A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature

B. Everyone can define time on their own terms

C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it

D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists

32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to__________

A. present an assumption                           B. evaluate an argument

C. highlight an experiment                          D. introduce an approach

33. What can we learn from this passage

A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life

B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems.

C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower

D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame

34. What can we infer from this passage

A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time

B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless

C. We should live in harmony with nature

D. History is a mirror reflecting reality

第二节(共5小题;每小题2分,共10分)

根据短文内容,从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑.选项中有两项为多余选项.

Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people    35    The mental health benefits from music can't be arguedMusic could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes

   36   However, for the same reason, music can be very beneficial if one is in painBy distracting (分心) the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levelsThis, of course, can lead to less pain

Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed   37   While the validity of the idea is still being assessedthe lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressureSimilarly, according to researcherslistening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels, through the lowering of stress and anxiety

When it comes to heart healththere is speculation (推测) that it's not the style of music, but rather the tempo that makes it so good for your heart healthIn one European studyparticipants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure   38    On the other handwhen the music slowedthe participants' stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit

   39   But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial forwhich is what makes music so valuable

A. This feeling can also result in many other health problems

B. Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud

C. This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing

D. They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep

E. The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive

F. It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety

G. Interestinglythe more cheerful the music wasthe faster their heart rates were

第三部分  书面表达(共两节,32分)

第一节(共4小题;第4041题各2分,第423分,第435分,共12分)

阅读下面短文,根据题目要求用英文回答问题请在答题卡指定区域作答

Recent research suggests that if an argument gets resolvedthe emotional response tied to it is significantly reduced or almost completely erasedThusit may be worth bringing up issues with your friends, family membersor classmates rather than holding them back

There is a difference between arguing and fightingArguing is that you and your opponent present your concerns and discuss the feelings and issues related to those concernsYou can engage in an argument respectfully without stirring up(激起) angerFightinghoweverusually involves personal attacksraising of voices, and storming outDiscussing your issues and resolving them instead of stuffing them down can improve your emotional healthIn a study2.000 people were asked to record their feelings and experiences for eight days in a rowWhen people had an argument that they considered resolved, they had half the reactivity (情绪反应) of those who avoided an argumentReactivity is an increase in negative emotions or a decrease in positive emotionsIn other wordsresolving an argument cuts your negative feelings by halfOne day later, people who had a resolved argument reported no increase of negative emotions compared with those who avoided an argument. This means that resolving an argument can feel like you have reached a state of resolution—and you are less likely to be annoyed

Moreoverthe older you arethe more likely you will come to a resolution after an argumentThis may be because more life experience usually leads to more defined prioritiesYou are more likely to distinguish between what matters and what does not

It is easier to avoid a discussionbut risking talking about it may eventually lead to a better outcome

40. According to this passagewhat is arguing

41. Why is it thatthe older you are, the more likely you will come to a resolution after an argument

42. Please decide which part is false in the following statementthen underline it and explain why

Resolving arguments can improve your emotional healthbecause it increases your reactivity and reduces the chance of you getting angry

43. In addition to improving emotional healthwhat do you think are some other benefits of resolving an argument?(In about 40 words

第二节(20分)

假设你是红星中学高三学生李华你和英国好友Jim原定本周末一起外出,你因故不能赴约请你用英文给他写一封电子邮件,内容包括:

1.表达歉意并说明原因;

2.提出建议并给出理由

注意:1.词数100左右;

2.开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数

Dear Jim

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours

Li Hua

 

2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(北京卷)

英语参考答案

第一部分 知识运用(共两节,30 

第一节10小题;每小题1.5分,共15

1.C            2.A            3.D            4.C            5.B

6.B            7.A            8.D            9.C            10.A

第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分)

11 ideas        12.that         13.connects         14.on        15.where

16.safely       17.has been     18.caused           19.resulting   20.to invest

第二部分 阅读理解(共两节,38分)

第一节(共14小题;每小题2分,共28分)

21.C            22.A            23.C            24.D            25.A

26.B            27.B            28.D            29.A            30.B

31.B            32.D            33.C            34.C

第二节(共5小题;每小题2分,共10分)

35.F            36.B            37.D            38.G             39.E

第三部分 书面表达(共两节,32分)

第一节(共4小题;第4041题各2分,第423分,第435分,共12分)

40. Arguing is discussing your worriesrelated feelings and problems with the other party

41. It is because more life experience may help people better identify priorities in life

42. Resolving arguments can improve your emotional healthbecause it increases your reactivity and reduces the chance of you getting angry

Resolving arguments helps to decrease your reactivity

43.

第二节(20分)

范文:

Dear Jim

I'm sorry that I won't be able to go hiking with you this Saturday

I began to cough yesterday morningso I went to see a doctorShe told me it was a bad coldand I would have to stay at home for a few days

I'd really like to spend some time with youIs it OK with you if we take a trip to Zhangjiakou next SaturdayIt's one of the host cities for the 2022 Winter OlympicsPlease let me know what you think

AgainI'm sorry about the inconvenience

Hope to hear from you soon

Yours

Li Hua

本文来自网络或网友投稿,如有侵犯您的权益,请发邮件至:aisoutu@outlook.com 我们将第一时间删除。

相关素材