工作带来什么
发布于 2021-09-13 07:32
AUTUMN
【前文回顾】
Yet as people learned to wring more output from the land, they built the basis of modern human existence, with all its advantages and drawbacks. Surpluses freed ever more individuals from a hard life producing food. Professions began to emerge—beginning with the odd soldier or smith but widening to include an entire menagerie of artisans and functionaries. From around 7,000 years ago the first great cities arose, in Mesopotamia and then South and East Asia. And as societies grew in size and complexity, new working arrangements appeared, from unfree servitude to self-employment and, crucially, wage labour.
01
①This last category expanded with the rise of the first states and their armies; soldiers were among the first working people to earn a money wage. ②Wage labour and standardised, low-denomination coinage combined to produce economic magic, as true markets began to operate. ③Not only did these allow commerce to flourish, but by granting the freedom to choose when and how to earn a living, a marketplace for work may also have helped kindle a more individualistic outlook than other arrangements encouraged.
【词汇注释】
① with the rise of 随着…的增长
② low-denomination 低面值
coinage n. 硬币；货币制度
③ commerce n. 贸易；交易
kindle v. 点燃；激起；唤起
individualistic adj. 我行我素的
【译文参考】
①最后一类（雇佣劳动）随着第一批国家及其军队的崛起而扩大；士兵是最早获得金钱工资的劳动人民之一。②随着真正的市场开始运作，雇佣劳动和标准化、低面额的货币结合在一起创造了经济奇迹。③这不仅促进了商业繁荣，而且通过让人们自由选择谋生的时间和方式，工作场所也许比其它地方更加有助于激发个体的需求。
【阅读向导】
本段接着前文文末引出的话题“雇佣劳动”进行叙述，主要描述了其产生的经过。句③中kindle和encourage构成同义替换，可以进行积累。
02
①Progress brought complications. ②War-like and patriarchal societies—such as the Yamnaya of the Eurasian steppe, pastoral nomads who violently displaced matriarchal and egalitarian communities in Europe and South Asia from roughly 5,000 years ago—upended old norms and sowed the seeds of many modern ills. ③States harnessed the labour of the masses in the construction of grand projects, from mausoleums to aqueducts, and in the destruction of rival civilisations.
【词汇注释】
① complication n. 难题；困难；并发症
② patriarchal a. 族长的；男性统治的
Eurasian a. 欧亚的
steppe n. 干草原
pastoral a. 畜牧的；乡村的
nomad n. 游牧部落成员
matriarchal a. 母权的；母系的
egalitarian a. 平等主义的
upend v. 立起；放倒
sow the seed 播撒种子
ill n. 问题；厄运
③ harness v. 控制；利用
grand project 宏伟的工程
mausoleum n. 陵墓
aqueduct n. 沟渠
【长句解析】
【译文参考】
①这些进步同时也引发了问题。②好战的父权制社会颠覆了旧的社会规范，埋下了许多现代弊病的种子。比如欧亚大草原的Yamnaya，这个游牧民族在大约5000年前暴力地取代了欧洲和南亚的母系平等主义社会。③国家利用群众劳动去建造宏伟的工程（从陵墓到沟渠），并摧毁敌对的文明。
【阅读向导】
本段论述同一件事情的另一个方面，即反面。论说文通常都会从正反两个方面进行论述，这是此类文章的一个特点。
今日阅读| 151词
文章来源| The Economist
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