双语分享:极限运动是怎样勾起刺激感的?

发布于 2021-10-11 06:42

表示机器故障是因为温度太高，为了保证安全，机器安全传感器发出安全提示，这才启动应急预案，也就是——“迫停”。

其实坐过山车这种惊险游戏，不管买了多少保险，还是有危险成分在的，这些年机器故障、停电导致游客被迫停在半空吊着的事件层出不穷，这回刺激效果倒是直接加倍了。

今天，TED演讲者Brian D.Avery将为我们讲解一番过山车对人体的影响，以及它们是如何同时变得更加恐怖和安全的。一起来看看吧！

演讲者：Brian D. Avery

演讲题目: How rollercoasters affect your body

In the summer of 1895, crowds flooded the Coney Island boardwalk to see the latest marvel of roller coaster technology: the Flip Flap Railway. This was America’s first-ever looping coaster – but its thrilling flip came at a price.

1895年夏天，人群涌向科尼岛木板路，观看过山车技术的最新奇迹：翻盖铁路。这是美国有史以来第一辆环式云霄飞车——但它惊险的翻滚是有代价的。

The ride caused numerous cases of severe whiplash, neck injury and even ejections, all due to its signature loop. Today, coasters can pull off far more exciting tricks, without resorting to the “thrill” of a hospital visit. But what exactly are roller coasters doing to your body, and how have they managed to get scarier and safer at the same time?

骑乘造成了许多严重的颈部扭伤、颈部受伤甚至弹射，所有这些都是由于其标志性的环。如今，云霄飞车可以玩出更令人兴奋的把戏，而不必求助于医院探视的“刺激”。但是过山车到底对你的身体有什么影响，它们是如何同时变得更可怕和更安全的呢？

At the center of every roller coaster design is gravity. Unlike cars or transit trains, most coasters are propelled around their tracks almost entirely by gravitational energy. After the coaster crests the initial lift hill, it begins an expertly engineered cycle – building potential energy on ascents and expending kinetic energy on descents. This rhythm repeats throughout the ride, acting out the coaster engineer’s choreographed dance of gravitational energy.

每个过山车设计的中心是重力。与汽车或过境列车不同，大多数过山车几乎完全由重力推动绕轨道运行。云霄飞车到达初始升力坡后，开始了一个专业设计的循环——在上升时产生势能，在下降时消耗动能。这种节奏在整个旅程中重复，表现出过山车工程师精心设计的重力能量舞蹈。

But there’s a key variable in this cycle that wasn’t always so carefully considered: you. In the days of the Flip-Flap, ride designers were most concerned with coasters getting stuck somewhere along the track.

但在这个循环中，有一个关键变量并没有被仔细考虑：人体。在翻盖时代，骑乘设计师最关心的是过山车在轨道上的某个地方卡住。

This led early builders to overcompensate, hurling trains down hills and pulling on the brakes when they reached the station. But as gravity affects the cars, it also affects the passengers. And under the intense conditions of a coaster, gravity’s effects are multiplied.

这导致早期的建设者过度补偿，将列车抛下山，并在到达车站时踩下刹车。但由于重力影响汽车，也影响乘客。在过山车的剧烈条件下，重力的影响成倍增加。

There’s a common unit used by jet pilots, astronauts, and coaster designers called “g force”. One G force is the familiar tug of gravity you feel when standing on Earth – this is the force of Earth’s gravitational pull on our bodies. But as riders accelerate and decelerate, they experience more or less gravitational force.

喷气式飞机驾驶员、宇航员和过山车设计师使用的一种通用装置叫做“g力”。一个重力是你站在地球上时所感受到的熟悉的重力拉力——这是地球对我们身体的引力。但当骑手加速和减速时，他们或多或少会感受到重力。

Modern ride designers know that the body can handle up to roughly 5 Gs, but the Flip-Flap and its contemporaries routinely reached up to 12 Gs. At those levels of gravitational pressure, blood is sent flying from your brain to your feet, leading to light-headedness or blackouts as the brain struggles to stay conscious.

现代骑乘设计师知道，车身可以承受大约5克的重量，但翻盖和它的同代人通常可以承受12克的重量。在这些重力压力水平下，血液会从你的大脑飞向你的脚，当大脑努力保持清醒时，会导致头晕或昏厥。

And oxygen deprivation in the retinal cells impairs their ability to process light, causing greyed out vision or temporary blindness. If the riders are upside down, blood can flood the skull, causing a bout of crimson vision called a “redout”.

视网膜细胞缺氧会削弱其处理光线的能力，导致视力变灰或暂时失明。如果人们倒立着，血液会漫过头骨，造成一种被称为“红视症”的深红色视觉。

Conversely, negative G’s create weightlessness. Within the body, short-term weightlessness is mostly harmless. It can contribute to a rider’s motion sickness by suspending the fluid in their inner ears which coordinates balance. But the bigger potential danger – and thrill – comes from what ride designers call airtime.

相反地，负G产生失重。在人体内，短期失重基本上是无害的。它可以通过将液体悬浮在他们的内耳来协调平衡，从而导致骑手晕车。但更大的潜在危险——和刺激——来自设计师所说的空中逗留时间。

This is when riders typically experience seat separation, and, without the proper precautions, ejection. The numerous belts and harnesses of modern coasters have largely solved this issue, but the passenger’s ever-changing position can make it difficult to determine what needs to be strapped down.

在这种情况下，骑手通常会经历座椅分离，以及在没有适当预防措施的情况下弹射。现代过山车的众多安全带和安全带基本上解决了这一问题，但乘客不断变化的位置可能使其难以确定需要系哪些安全带。

Fortunately, modern ride designers are well aware of what your body, and the coaster, can handle. Coaster engineers play these competing forces against each other, to relieve periods of intense pressure with periods of no pressure at all.

幸运的是，现代骑乘设计师非常清楚你的身体和过山车能处理什么。云霄飞车的工程师们利用这些相互竞争的力量，在完全没有压力的情况下缓解高压力。

And since a quick transition from positive to negative G-force can result in whiplash, headaches, and back and neck pain, they avoid the extreme changes in speed and direction so common in thrill rides of old. Modern rides are also much sturdier, closely considering the amount of gravity they need to withstand.

而且，由于从正重力到负重力的快速转换可能会导致颈部扭伤、头痛、背部和颈部疼痛，因此它们避免了在老年惊险游乐中常见的速度和方向的极端变化。现代游乐设施也更加坚固，仔细考虑它们需要承受的重力。

At 5 G’s, your body feels 5 times heavier; so if you weigh 100lbs, you’d exert the weight of 500 lbs on the coaster. Engineers have to account for the multiplied weight of every passenger when designing a coaster’s supports.

体重为5克时，你的身体感觉重了5倍；所以如果你有100磅重，你会在过山车上施加500磅的重量。设计过山车支架时，工程师必须考虑每位乘客的倍增重量。

Still, these rides aren’t for everyone. The floods of adrenaline, light-headedness, and motion sickness aren’t going anywhere soon. But today’s redundant restraints, 3D modeling and simulation software have made roller coasters safer and more thrilling than ever.

不过，这些游乐设施并不适合所有人。肾上腺素、头晕和晕车的泛滥不会很快消失。但如今的冗余约束、3D建模和仿真软件使过山车比以往任何时候都更安全、更刺激。

Our precise knowledge about the limits of the human body have helped us build coasters that are faster, taller, and loopier – and all without going off the rails.

我们对人体极限的精确认识帮助我们建造了更快、更高、更灵活的过山车——而且所有这些都不会偏离轨道。

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